Reinforced Concrete Design

About the Authors ii
Preface v
Chapter 1 Reinforced Concrete Structures 1–21
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Plain and Reinforced Concrete 4
1.3 Objectives of Structural Design 7
1.4 Reinforced Concrete Construction 7
1.5 Structural Systems 8
1.6 Reinforced Concrete Buildings 10
1.7 Structural Analysis and Design 18
1.8 Design Codes and Handbooks 19
Review Questions 20
References 21
Chapter 2 Basic Material Properties 22–65
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Cement 23
2.3 Aggregate 26
2.4 Water 28
2.5 Admixtures 32
2.6 Grade of Concrete 34
2.7 Concrete Mix Design 35
2.8 Behaviour of Concrete under Uniaxial Compression 37
2.9 Behaviour of Concrete under Tension 44
2.10 Behaviour of Concrete under Combined Stresses 46
2.11 Creep of Concrete 48
2.12 Shrinkage and Temperature Effects in Concrete 50
2.13 Durability of Concrete 52
2.14 Reinforcing Steel 57
2.15 List of Relevant Indian Standards 61
Review Questions 62
References 64
Chapter 3 Basic Design Concepts 66–80
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Working Stress Method (WSM) 68
3.3 Ultimate Load Method 69
3.4 Probabilistic Analysis and Design 69
3.5 Limit States Method 73
3.6 Code Recommendations for Limit States Design 75
Review Questions 79
References 80
Chapter 4 Behaviour in Flexure 81–143
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Theory of Flexure for Homogeneous Materials 83
4.3 Linear Elastic Analysis of Composite Sections 85
4.4 Modular Ratio and Cracking Moment 87
4.5 Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete 90
4.6 Analysis at Service Loads (WSM) 96
4.7 Analysis at Ultimate Limit State 115
4.8 Analysis of Slabs as Rectangular Beams 136
Review Questions 139
Problems 141
References 143
Chapter 5 Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs for Flexure 144–191
5.1 Introduction 144
5.2 Requirements of Flexural Reinforcement 145
5.3 Requirements for Deflection Control 150
5.4 Guidelines for Selection of Member Sizes 153
5.5 Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 154
5.6 Design of Continuous One-Way Slabs 162
5.7 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 168
5.8 Design of Flanged Beam Sections 173
5.9 Curtailment of Flexural Tension Reinforcement 179
Review Questions 189
Problems 190
References 191
Chapter 6 Design for Shear 192–231
6.1 Introduction 192
6.2 Shear Stresses in Homogeneous Rectangular Beams 193
6.3 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Under Shear 195
6.4 Nominal Shear Stress 200
6.5 Critical Sections for Shear Design 202
6.6 Design Shear Strength Without Shear Reinforcement 204
6.7 Design Shear Strength With Shear Reinforcement 207
6.8 Shear Design for Circular Sections 214
6.9 Additional Comments on Shear Reinforcement Design 215
6.10 Interface Shear and Shear Friction 217
6.11 Shear Connectors in Flexural Members 221
6.12 Shear Design Examples – Conventional Method 222
Review Questions 228
Problems 229
References 231
Chapter 7 Design for Torsion 232–258
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Primary Torsion and Secondary Torsion 232
7.3 General Behaviour in Torsion 236
7.4 Design Strength in Torsion 239
7.5 Analysis and Design Examples 249
Review Questions 256
Problems 256
References 258
Chapter 8 Design for Bond 259–278
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Flexural Bond 261
8.3 Anchorage (Development) Bond 263
8.4 Bond Failure and Bond Strength 265
8.5 Review of Code Requirements for Bond 268
8.6 Splicing of Reinforcement 271
8.7 Design Examples 274
Review Questions 277
Problems 277
References 278
Chapter 9 Analysis for Design Moments in Continuous Systems 279–315
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Gravity Load Patterns for Maximum Design Moments 283
9.3 Simplified (Approximate) Methods of Analysis 286
9.4 Proportioning of Member Sizes for Preliminary Design 289
9.5 Estimation of Stiffnesses of Frame Elements 291
9.6 Adjustment of Design Moments at Beam-Column Junctions 292
9.7 Inelastic Analysis and Moment Redistribution 294
9.8 Design Examples 304
Review Questions 312
Problems 313
References 314
Chapter 10 Serviceability Limit States: Deflection and Cracking 316–367
10.1 Introduction 316
10.2 Serviceability Limit States: Deflection 317
10.3 Short-term Deflection 318
10.4 Long-term Deflection 336
10.5 Serviceability Limit State: Cracking 346
Review Questions 364
Problems 365
References 366
Chapter 11 Design of Two-Way Slab Systems 368–509
11.1 Introduction 368
11.2 Design of Wall-Supported Two-Way Slabs 372
11.3 Design of Beam-Supported Two-Way Slabs 405
11.4 Design of Column-Supported Slabs (With/Without Beams) Under Gravity
Loads 411
11.5 Direct Design Method 418
11.6 Equivalent Frame Method 429
11.7 Reinforcement Details in Column-Supported Two-Way Slabs 442
11.8 Shear in Column-Supported Two-Way Slabs without Beams 445
11.9 Design Examples of Column-Supported Two-Way Slabs 451
11.10 Inelastic Analysis — Yield Line Theory 473
11.11 Yield Line Analysis of Rectangular Beam-Supported Slabs 496
Review Questions 504
Problems 505
References 507
Chapter 12 Design of Staircases 510–539
12.1 Introduction 510
12.2 Types of Staircases 512
12.3 Loads and Load Effects on Stair Slabs 517
12.4 Design Examples of Stair Slabs Spanning Transversely 523
12.5 Design Examples of Stair Slabs Spanning Longitudinally 528
Review Questions 538
Problems 538
References 539
Chapter 13 Design of Compression Members 540–635
13.1 Introduction 540
13.2 Estimation of Effective Length of a Column 545
13.3 Code Requirements on Slenderness Limits, Minimum Eccentricities and
Reinforcement 555
13.4 Design of Short Columns Under Axial Compression 559
13.5 Design of Short Columns Under Compression with Uniaxial Bending 566
13.6 Design of Short Columns Under Axial Compression with Biaxial Bending 594
13.7 Design of Slender Columns 602
13.8 Members with Axial Tension and Bending 615
13.9 Concrete Walls 620
Review Questions 631
Problems 632
References 634
Chapter 14 Design of Footings and Retaining Walls 636–739
14.1 Introduction 636
14.2 Types of Footings 637
14.3 Soil Pressures under Isolated Footings 640
14.4 General Design Considerations and Code Requirements 649
14.5 Design Examples of Isolated and Wall Footings 658
14.6 Design of Combined Footings 683
14.7 Types of Retaining Walls and their Behaviour 693
14.8 Earth Pressures and Stability Requirements 695
14.9 Proportioning and Design of Cantilever and Counterfort Walls 700
14.10 Design of Pile Caps 730
Review Questions 736
Problems 737
References 738
Chapter 15 Good Detailing and Construction Practices 740–763
15.1 Introduction 740
15.2 Design and Detailing Practices 746
15.3 Materials, Quality Control and Construction Practices 759
15.4 Summary 760
Review Questions 762
References 762
Chapter 16 Special Provisions for Earthquake-Resistant Design 764–793
16.1 Introduction 764
16.2 Importance of Ductility in Seismic Design 766
16.3 Pushover Analysis 770
16.4 Major Design Considerations 774
16.5 Closure 790
Review Questions 790
References 791
Chapter 17 Selected Special Topics 794–857
17.1 Introduction 794
17.2 Design for Shear by Modified Compression Field Theory 794
17.3 Design Using Strut-and-Tie Model 813
17.4 Fire Resistance 849
17.5 Green Building Design 853
17.6 New Materials 854
Review Questions 855
Problems 856
References 856
Chapter 18 Design of Liquid Storage Tanks 858–917
18.1 Introduction 858
18.2 Types of Tanks 859
18.3 Structural Action 860
18.4 Design Considerations 861
18.5 Joints in Liquid Storage Tanks 863
18.6 Design Philosophies 865
18.7 Design of Cylindrical Tanks 875
18.8 Design of Rectangular Tanks 895
Review Questions 915
Problems 916
References 916
Chapter 19 Estimation of Wind and Seismic Forces on Buildings 918–972
19.1 Introduction 918
19.2 Estimation of Wind Forces 921
19.3 Estimation of Seismic Forces 949
Review Questions 969
Problems 970
References 972


Appendix A Analysis and Design Aids 973–1020
Appendix B General Data for Dead Loads and Live Loads 1021–1023
Appendix C Lab Assignments for Students–Design-Build-Test-Analyse Projects 1024–1026
List of Symbols 1027-1038
Index 1039–1044